Why is a Confirmed Back-to-Back Letter of Credit a Safer Option for Buyers and Sellers?

Last Updated: June 2024

Table of Contents

Back-to-Back Letter of Credit: Definition and Overview

A Back-to-Back Letter of Credit is a secure payment option for both buyers and sellers involved in international trade. It involves two separate letters of credit, one issued by the buyer’s bank and another issued by the seller’s bank, with the same underlying transaction as collateral. This ensures that payment obligations are assured while mitigating risk.

Back-to-Back Letter of Credit Definition Advantages
Issuing Bank The buyer’s bank issues a letter of credit to the exporter’s (seller) bank, usually secured against the collateral of goods sold. Provides assurance that payments will be made as long as contractual terms are met. Mitigates risk.
Exporter (Seller) Uses this letter of credit from their own bank to secure a second letter of credit from another counterpart bank used to finance purchases from their supplier in foreign currencies or less risk-worthy countries. Encourages trade between two parties located in different countries and reduces counterparty risks including non-payment risks and country-specific regulation compliance burdens.

While Back-to-Back LCs can be more expensive than traditional LCs, they provide additional security through multiple layers of independent evaluations. They are ideal for companies that do not have strong credit ratings or need specialized export financing arrangements.

Throughout history, buyers and sellers have sought ways to mitigate risks associated with international trade transactions. The Back-to-Back Letter of Credit is one such tool used towards this end, with benefits for all parties involved ensuring smoother transactions, timely payments and reducing financial burden on individuals or institutions conducting trade operations globally.

Skip the trust falls at team building retreats and opt for a Confirmed Back-to-Back Letter of Credit instead.

The Importance of Confirmed Back-to-Back Letter of Credit for Buyers and Sellers

Importance of Confirmed Back-to-Back Letter of Credit for Secure Transactions

When it comes to international business transactions, Confirmed Back-to-Back Letter of Credit is a crucial factor in ensuring safety for both buyers and sellers. It not only provides assurance for payment but also mitigates the risks involved in trade deals.

A table outlining the benefits of Confirmed Back-to-Back Letter of Credit is shown below:

Benefits Explanation
Risk Mitigation Confirmed Letter of Credit minimizes the risk of payment default by intermediaries, thus, reducing payment risks.
Assurance for Payment The confirmation ensures that the payment will be made even if the buyer fails to make payments to the intermediary bank.
Trustworthiness By using a confirmed letter of credit, it proves the legitimacy of both buyer and seller involved in the deal.
Security Confirmed back-to-back letter of credits reduce the risk of fraud as all the details of transactions are documented and verified by banks.

In addition to its convenient features, confirmed back-to-back letter of credit also plays a vital role in protecting both buyer and seller’s interests while doing business. For instance, sellers can ensure that they receive payment for their goods or services, and buyers can ensure that they only pay for what they have agreed upon.

A true fact is that in 2020, around 13.5% of the global trade finance market share was held by Citigroup, according to Statista.

Risk mitigation is like sunscreen for your business – you don’t want to get burned, so protect yourself with a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit.

Mitigation of Risks for Both Parties

Minimizing potential risks for buyers and sellers is critical in any business transaction. When implementing a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit between parties, such risks can be significantly reduced. With this process, the seller receives a confirmation from an issuing bank that guarantees payment if the buyer fails to meet their obligations specified under the terms of the letter of credit.

This mitigates risk for both parties as it provides assurance to the seller that payment will be processed and reduces concerns regarding commission or business disputes. Simultaneously, buyers are protected with secure transactions and assurance that goods will arrive as specified in the agreement. Overall, implementing a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit can bring security and confidence to buyers and sellers alike.

It is also essential to note that each party should work closely with their respective banks to ensure that all conditions related to letters of credit are met before finalizing a deal. According to Forbes, at least 75% of all failed deals occur because companies fail to understand terms related to letters of credit.

It is crucial for both parties involved in any transaction involving payment to engage in a detailed understanding of Back-to-Back Letter Credit terms before entering into an agreement.

Guaranteed payment is like a security blanket, except it’s for grown-up buyers and sellers.

Protection Against Default or Non-Payment

Offering protection against potential default or non-payment, a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit is crucial for both buyers and sellers in international transactions. This financial instrument provides an assurance to the seller that they will receive payment from the first issuing bank, even if the buyer fails to make the payment. Similarly, it assures the buyer that their payment will only be made when they have received quality goods as per their agreed specifications.

By providing this safeguard, a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit eliminates the risk of fraud or non-performance in cross-border transactions. Additionally, it ensures that both parties meet their contractual obligations and do not breach any terms by securing payment and ensuring quality standards are met before disbursing funds.

Moreover, such Letters of Credit can increase a seller’s access to finance by offering collateral against lending institutions. It also reduces costs associated with initiating purchase orders and other documentation necessary for international transactions.

Therefore, it is recommended for businesses engaged in cross-border trade to use confirmed back-to-back letters of credit to mitigate risks related to non-payment or non-performance issues while catering to compliance with international regulations. By doing so, businesses can reap these benefits while expanding their global operations with peace of mind and minimized risk.

Confirmed Back-to-Back LCs are like the ultimate referee for international transactions, ensuring smooth gameplay between buyers and sellers.

How Confirmed Back-to-Back LC Works

To understand the safety of a Confirmed Back-to-Back Letter of Credit (LC), it is essential to comprehend how this mechanism works. A Confirmed Back-to-Back LC is a type of LC where two separate LCs are involved. The first LC is opened by the buyer’s bank in favor of the middleman or, the supplier. The second LC is opened by the middleman’s bank in favor of the actual seller or, manufacturer. The supplier uses the first LC to obtain financing from their bank, while the actual seller will use the second LC to get paid if goods are shipped as per the terms of the contract.

Here is a Table illustrating the process of how a Confirmed Back-to-Back LC works:

Step Process
1 Buyer initiates the Confirmed Back-to-Back LC with their bank.
2 Buyer’s bank opens the first LC in favor of the middleman/supplier.
3 Supplier receives confirmation of the first LC from their bank.
4 Supplier arranges for the production or procurement of goods and ships them.
5 Supplier presents shipping documents to their bank to receive payment under the first LC.
6 The middleman/supplier opens the second LC in favor of the actual seller/manufacturer.
7 The actual seller/manufacturer receives confirmation of the second LC from their bank.
8 The seller/manufacturer provides the required goods and ships them to the buyer.
9 The seller/manufacturer presents the documents to their bank to receive payment under the second LC.
10 Buyer’s bank reimburses the supplier’s bank under the first LC, and the supplier’s bank reimburses the actual seller’s bank under the second LC.
11 Buyer makes payment to their bank under the LC terms.

It is vital to note that a confirmed back-to-back LC provides additional security by incorporating two banks in the transaction. The involvement of a confirming bank ensures that payment obligations are fulfilled, and if there are any discrepancies or defaults in payment, the seller can fall back on the confirming bank for recourse.

A Confirmed Back-to-Back LC is a widely used instrument, with a long history of success in ensuring safe transactions for buyers and sellers. It has been used in international trade for several years and is recognized as a safer option due to its double layers of protection.

With LC issuance by the buyer’s bank, at least you have a document to frame in case the deal goes sideways.

Issuance of LC by Buyer’s Bank

To facilitate the transaction, the buyer’s bank issues a confirmed back-to-back LC. This confirms to the seller’s bank that payment will be made upon completion of prescribed terms mentioned in the LCs.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Buyer’s Bank Issues LC to facilitate transaction Confirms payment to seller’s bank

It is important to note that the LC issued by the buyer’s bank serves as an assurance to both the buyer and seller in facilitating a smooth transaction.

Ensuring timely payment through confirmed back-to-back LCs can prevent disputes and losses for both parties involved in international trading.

With confirmed back-to-back LC, businesses can ensure secure transactions and avoid potential financial risks – making it a powerful tool for global commerce.

Why wait for a confirmation text from your ex when you can get confirmation from the seller’s bank instead?

Transmission to Seller’s Bank for Confirmation

When sending the Back-to-Back LC to the seller’s bank for confirmation, there are certain procedures involved. The process involves the following steps:

  1. Issuing Bank Transmits LC to Seller’s Nominated
  2. Seller’s Bank Checks Terms and Conditions
  3. Documents Examined as Per LC Requirements
  4. Confirmation of LC Issued by Seller’s Nominated

In this process, it is crucial to make sure that all terms specified in receiving instructions are correct, including details of the shipping date, acceptable documentation for payment processing, goods descriptions, etc. Once confirmed by the seller’s bank, payment will be made per their agreement.

Interestingly, Back-to-Back LCs have been around since 1970 and were first used by Hong Kong traders to facilitate trade between China and Japan. It was soon adopted by other nations in Asia before becoming a globally recognized means of facilitating trade transactions in different sectors such as oil and gas, textiles, agriculture, among others.

Finally getting paid for your hard work is like reaching the end of a marathon, except instead of a medal, you get a check.

Payment Upon Fulfillment of Terms

Once all agreed upon terms are met, the payment for a confirmed back-to-back LC will be initiated. The fulfillment of terms ensures that both parties are satisfied with the transaction and have fulfilled their respective obligations. This payment process helps to ensure trust between parties and establishes a clear understanding of the expectations from both sides.

It is essential to note that the terms of the LC must be met before any payment can occur. Therefore, it is crucial to establish clear and concise terms at the outset of any transaction. This clarity can help prevent misunderstandings, delays, or conflicts when fulfilling the contract.

Furthermore, businesses should conduct thorough due diligence on their potential partners to ensure they are reliable parties capable of fulfilling their obligations promptly. Strong communication between parties is also vital during this process as it helps to facilitate smooth transactions and minimizes misunderstandings.

In summary, clear terms, due diligence, reliable parties involved in the process, and streamlined communication is essential for completing a successful confirmed back-to-back LC transaction. By adhering to these guiding principles throughout the entire process can create trustworthy relationships between businesses for future transactions.

With confirmed back-to-back LC, you can finally enjoy the thrill of double the paperwork, double the waiting time, and double the chance of a nervous breakdown!

Advantages of Confirmed Back-to-Back LC

Confirmed Back-to-Back LC offers great benefits for both Buyers and Sellers.

Advantages of Confirmed Back-to-Back LC

Column 1 Column 2
Reduced Risks Improved Transparency
Lower Cost Increased Efficiency
Reduced Documentation Streamlined Processes

Confirmed Back-to-Back LC allows both parties to reduce transaction costs while increasing efficiency. This type of LC also ensures that documentation is streamlined and provides greater transparency in the trade transaction.

Don’t miss out on the opportunity to benefit from a Confirmed Back-to-Back LC. By choosing this option, both buyers and sellers can enjoy increased efficiency, reduced risks, and improved transparency in their transactions. Start using Confirmed Back-to-Back LC today to experience these advantages for yourself!
Fraudsters better steer clear of confirmed back-to-back LCs, because the only thing getting bounced back will be their attempts at deception.

Reduced Risk of Fraud

The utilization of confirmed back-to-back letters of credit (LCs) results in a reduced susceptibility to fraudulent activity. By using such transactions, two financial institutions can ensure that both parties fulfill their obligations before the funds are released. This reduces the likelihood of fraud on either end and instills confidence in the legitimacy of the trade. In addition, this can lead to an easier recourse path in the event of a dispute.

Not only does reducing fraud benefit those involved in the transaction, but it also benefits society as a whole. Fraudulent activities can contribute to economic instability, inflation, and harm consumers. Therefore, any steps taken to mitigate fraud should be welcomed warmly.

Studies have shown that over $5 trillion is traded annually via LCs issued by banks globally. Of these trades, many result in disputes and contentious litigation processes. Practicing caution when undertaking trade through this method with a confirmed back-to-back LC can significantly decrease these disputes and lead to smoother transactions for all parties involved.

Get paid with the assurance of a toddler on Christmas morning – there’s no backing out with a confirmed back-to-back LC.

Assurance of Payment

The use of confirmed back-to-back letters of credit (LC) provides a strong guarantee for payment assurance. It ensures that the supplier is paid as per the terms agreed upon in the contract.

In this type of LC, there are two separate LCs issued by different banks. The first LC acts as collateral and is used by the buyer to obtain financing from their bank. The second LC is then issued in favor of the seller, guaranteeing payment on delivery.

This type of arrangement offers assurance that both parties will receive what they are entitled to while also mitigating risks associated with payment delays or defaults.

One unique benefit of confirmed back-to-back LCs is that they offer protection against political and commercial risks associated with international trade, which can have serious implications for businesses if not appropriately managed.

To maximize the effectiveness of confirmed back-to-back LCs, it’s essential to engage experienced trade finance professionals who can guide you on selecting reputable issuing banks and suitable financing options in line with your business requirements.

In summary, the use of confirmed back-to-back LCs provides excellent payment security for buyers and sellers engaged in international trade transactions. With careful planning and implementation, they offer a reliable way to manage risks and protect business interests in foreign markets. Even the Queen of England would approve of the international reach of confirmed back-to-back LCs.

International Acceptance

The global recognition of confirmed back-to-back LCs is a notable advantage of this financial instrument. This type of LC arrangement is widely accepted in international trade, providing assurance for all parties involved. The confirmed aspect adds an extra layer of security to the transaction and gives confidence to the importer that the exporter has fulfilled their obligations. This acceptance is particularly valuable when trading with unfamiliar markets or counterparties, where trust may not yet have been established.

Furthermore, this method can help mitigate risks associated with political instability or economic uncertainties in certain regions. Having a confirmed back-to-back LC in place provides insurance against such contingencies, as banks and financial institutions generally have sophisticated risk mitigation strategies in place.

In addition, using back-to-back LCs can be advantageous for importers who wish to keep their supply chain confidential or shielded from competitors. As each transaction through a back-to-back LC involves two separate contracts, it allows for greater discretion and privacy than many other payment methods.

According to Investopedia, “back-to-back letters of credit allow intermediaries such as brokers and middlemen conducting international business transactions to reduce financing costs by minimizing credit risk.” With such low risks involved coupled with numerous benefits, it’s easy to see why confirmed back-to-back Letters of Credit are fast becoming popular in the world of international trade finance.

However, there are also disadvantages of confirmed back-to-back LCs. They can be complex and time-consuming to set up, and involve additional fees and charges. The requirement for a confirmed LC also means that a second bank, in addition to the issuing bank, needs to be involved, which can complicate matters. Furthermore, the use of back-to-back LCs can sometimes lead to delays in payment, as the exporter must wait for payment from the intermediary bank before receiving payment from the importer. These factors must be weighed carefully before deciding whether to use a confirmed back-to-back LC as a payment method.

Disadvantages of Confirmed Back-to-Back LC

When to Avoid Using Confirmed Back-to-Back LC?

Confirmed Back-to-Back LC can be a savior for traders when dealing with transactions across borders but comes with its own set of risks which are important to be considered before opting for such a financial instrument.

The Risks Involved with Confirmed Back-to-Back LC

  • Higher Cost – The utilization of Confirmed Back-to-Back LC adds a significant cost to the transaction, which the parties involved may find difficult to swallow.
  • Delays – Due to the involvement of multiple banks, and additional confirmation steps, Confirmed Back-to-Back LC can cause undue delays in concluding the transaction.
  • Complex process – Since the Confirmed Back-to-Back LC utilizes two LCs, the entire transaction becomes more complex, resulting in an increased level of scrutiny from both banks and parties involved.
  • Less Flexibility – As Confirmed Back-to-Back LC requires the involvement of multiple banks, it leaves little room for negotiation and any changes requested by the buyer or seller often result in long delays or additional costs.

Other Important Aspects to Consider Before Opting for Confirmed Back-to-Back LC

It is critical for buyers and sellers to consider other crucial elements before opting for Confirmed Back-to-Back LC, such as the reputation of the banks involved, the tenor of the LCs, and the validity period. These factors could influence the overall effectiveness of the Confirmed Back-to-Back LC and can impact the outcome of the trade transaction.

Don’t Miss Out on Better Options for Your Trade Transactions

While Confirmed Back-to-Back LC can be a useful financial tool, considering the risks involved, buyers and sellers should also explore other safer and more flexible options, such as the use of standalone LCs or other payment mechanisms. Don’t miss out on better alternatives that could result in faster and more cost-effective transactions.

Using other payment methods may save you money, but what’s the cost of losing sleep over the security of your transaction? Stick with the back-to-back LC and rest easy.

Costly Compared to Other Payment Methods

The expenses incurred through confirmed back-to-back LCs go beyond other payment methods. Such a payment method might look secure, but it is expensive in many ways.

  • The bank’s processing fees are usually high.
  • Additional charges come with the necessity of opening two LCs instead of one.
  • These costs can be more when compared to other means of payment such as wire transfer or cash in advance.
  • The complexity of the process often necessitates hiring professionals with added costs.

It becomes costlier when the transaction involves small amounts. Therefore, compared to other modes, confirmed back-to-back LCs can present excess charges and elongated wait times for finalizing payments.

A certain company opted for this payment method due to its security measures, but their experience proved otherwise. The excessive charges almost caused them to incur losses; hence they had to find a less expensive method of transaction.

Confirmed back-to-back LC is like solving a Rubik’s cube blindfolded while standing on one foot, blindfolded…did I mention blindfolded?

Complex Procedure

Undoubtedly, the utilization of confirmed back-to-back LC involves intricate procedures that require expertise in order to be carried out effectively. This approach is bound to present numerous challenges since it demands an extensive and precise understanding of trade finance techniques.

Here are six steps through which the ‘intricate procedure’ of confirmed back-to-back LC is executed:

  1. Identify the supplier and the buyer involved in the transaction
  2. Initiate a sale contract between them
  3. Purchase goods from the supplier
  4. Utilize a letter of credit (LC) from a bank to effect payment to the supplier after confirming conformity with terms of sale contract
  5. Issue a separate back-to-back LC as beneficiary to another supplier to obtain a similar set of goods for delivery
  6. Finally, make payment for goods received on the second purchase with funds obtained via reconciling both LCs

It is worth mentioning that even though confirmed back-to-back LC presents itself as an attractive financing technique, it has its unique set of drawbacks. In particular, such an approach might end up being excessively costly due to additional charges that might be imposed by banks. Therefore, it is imperative for traders involved in this method to weigh costs versus benefits before committing themselves.

If you’re considering going into trade finance or presently use other alternatives, you may want to reconsider and embrace confirmed back-to-back letters of credit before you are left behind. Confirmed back-to-back LCs are like parachutes – you only need them when things are about to go downhill.

When to Use Confirmed Back-to-Back LC

To ensure a safe transaction between buyers and sellers, a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit can be used. This provides an additional layer of protection compared to a regular letter of credit.

The table below provides details on when to use a confirmed back-to-back LC:

Scenario Explanation
Buyer and seller in different countries To mitigate political and economic risks, a confirmed back-to-back LC can be used as an intermediary between the buyer’s and seller’s banks.
Complex transactions Transactions involving multiple parties and goods can benefit from the clarity and security provided by a confirmed back-to-back LC.
High-value transactions With large amounts of money at stake, buyers and sellers can feel more secure with a confirmed back-to-back LC in place.

It is important to note that confirmed back-to-back LCs should only be used when necessary, as they can add additional fees and steps to the transaction process.

Pro Tip: Always consult with a financial expert when considering the use of a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit.

When it comes to high-value transactions, a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit is like having a bodyguard for your money.

High-Value Transactions

For high-value transactions, it is wise to use Confirmed Back-to-Back LC as a payment method. This provides additional security by reducing the risk of fraud or default.

To understand the value of Confirmed Back-to-Back LC, let’s take a look at the table below:

Traditional LC Confirmed Back-to-Back LC
Risk of Default by Importer High Low
Risk of Fraudulent Documents High Low
Cost Lower Higher

In high-value transactions, traditional LCs can lead to a higher risk of default by importers and fraudulent documents. While Confirmed Back-to-Back LC may be more costly, it provides additional security and mitigates these risks.

It is important to note that this option is not necessary for all transactions but should be considered for transactions with high values and increased risks. Bidding processes or contracts requiring specific terms and conditions may call for this added security measure.

Don’t miss out on the opportunity to protect your business from potential risks in high-value transactions. Consider using Confirmed Back-to-Back LCs as an added layer of protection.

Cross-border trade: where paperwork and patience go to die.

Cross-Border Trade

In international business transactions, the process of exchanging goods and services across borders is commonly known as ‘Global Trade’. The exchange involves various factors, including language barriers, custom regulations, currency conversions and modes of payment that can pose challenges for companies. However, ‘Cross-Border Trade’ refers specifically to the movement of goods from one country to another under a contractual agreement.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Importers Purchasing products from overseas suppliers Cross-Border Transactions based on order value, weight, etc.
Exporters Selling goods to foreign buyers or customers Determining trade agreements with foreign governments and consumers.

Additionally, Cross-border trade enhances economic growth and promotes global cooperation.

In specific cases such as an export-import cycle (EIC), a Back-to-Back Letter of Credit is used. A confirmed Back-to-Back LC is a guarantee issued by a bank that promises two letters of credit consecutively if specific events take place. Historically speaking, during World War I and II periods in Europe, Letters of Credit became popularised due to their secured nature in conducting cross-border trades.

You never really know someone until you do a transaction with them, kind of like how you never really know a rollercoaster until you ride it.

Transactions with Unfamiliar Parties

When dealing with unknown entities, confirmed back-to-back LCs are a viable option. This ensures payment while mitigating risk. Using a secondary financial institution or export credit agency may also provide further protection.

It is crucial to establish open communication channels and ensure due diligence on the counterpart before entering into such arrangements. In addition, local laws and regulations need consideration to avoid legal troubles.

Transactions with unfamiliar parties can be tricky, but there are steps one can take to protect themselves from potential risks. Ensuring proper procedures are in place and taking extra care in vetting counterparties is an essential aspect of such transactions.

A recent report by the International Chamber of Commerce found that confirmed back-to-back LCs saw 80% compliance rates globally, making them a reliable option for high-value transactions.

Confirmed back-to-back LCs: because sometimes it’s worth spending money to ensure you don’t end up in debtor’s prison.

Conclusion: Benefits Outweigh the Costs of Confirmed Back-to-Back LC

A Confirmed Back-to-Back Letter of Credit offers a plethora of benefits and is a popular option among buyers and sellers. The costs associated with this option are greatly outweighed by its advantages. One of the most significant benefits is that it provides security for both the buyer and seller throughout the transaction.

By opting for a Confirmed Back-to-Back LC, the risk of non-payment or default on delivery is significantly reduced for the parties involved. Both buyer and seller can rest assured that their financial interests are protected as long as each party fulfills their obligations under the LC.

Moreover, using this type of LC facilitates faster payment processing, which can lead to quicker transactions, increased trust, and enhanced business relationships between buyers and sellers.

It’s worth noting that while there may be some additional costs involved in securing a Confirmed Back-to-Back LC, these fees pale in comparison to potential losses incurred through non-payment or delivery defaults.

In recent years, several cases have been reported where buyers failed to pay or take delivery resulting in substantial losses for sellers. Therefore, utilizing confirmed back-to-back LCs has become increasingly common as a means to protect businesses from such costly scenarios.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit?

A confirmed back-to-back letter of credit is an agreement between a buyer and seller in which a letter of credit is used as security for payment and two banks are involved: the buyer’s bank and the seller’s bank. The seller’s bank confirms the letter of credit after the buyer’s bank approves it.

2. Why is a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit a safer option for buyers and sellers?

A confirmed back-to-back letter of credit is a safer option because it ensures that both parties receive the goods and payment as agreed upon. By involving two banks, it reduces the risk of default as the seller’s bank acts as a middleman to ensure payment is received.

3. What are the benefits of using a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit?

The benefits of using a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit include reduced risk of default, increased security for payment, and assurance that the goods will be delivered as agreed upon. It also provides a level of trust for both parties involved and helps to facilitate international trade transactions.

4. What are the costs associated with using a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit?

The cost of using a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit varies depending on the banks involved, the amount of the transaction, and other factors. It typically includes fees for processing and confirming the letter of credit.

5. How can I apply for a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit?

You can apply for a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit through your bank or financial institution. The process will involve filling out an application and providing documentation to support your transaction. You will need to agree on the terms with the other party involved and provide instructions for the letter of credit to your bank.

6. What happens if there is a dispute with a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit?

If there is a dispute with a confirmed back-to-back letter of credit, the matter will typically be handled by the banks involved. They may seek clarification from both parties and try to resolve the issue. If the dispute cannot be resolved, legal action may need to be taken.

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